EOG Review
Cells & Genetics
Cells Vocabulary:
organism: any living thing that can carry out its life on its own
cells: the smallest unit of living matter
unicellular: only contain one cell, carry out ALL life functions on its own, need a
microscope to see (examples: bacteria, amoeba, yeast)
multicellular: contain one or more cells, must work together to carry out all of life's
functions, we can see multi-cellular organisms (examples: humans, animals,
plants, etc.)
transport system: a way to transport gases and nutrients from different cells,
needed in multi-cellular organisms
Genetics Vocabulary:
genes: segments of DNA that carry the instructions for the traits of organisms from
parents to offspring, units of heredity that carry codes to control the traits an
individual inherits
chromosome: where genes are located, humans have 46 chromosomes (23 from
their mother, 23 from their father), determines the gender of a baby
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each chromosome is made of two strands of this
inherited traits: these are traits passed to you from your parents, examples: eye
color, freckles, height, skin color, face shape, earlobes, hairlines, curling of the
tongue, etc.
acquired/learned behaviors: behaviors that are learned through life experiences,
cultures, personal upbringing, lifestyles, etc. (favorites, length of hair,
style, athleticism, artistic ability, movements, communication, personality, etc.
organism: any living thing that can carry out its life on its own
cells: the smallest unit of living matter
unicellular: only contain one cell, carry out ALL life functions on its own, need a
microscope to see (examples: bacteria, amoeba, yeast)
multicellular: contain one or more cells, must work together to carry out all of life's
functions, we can see multi-cellular organisms (examples: humans, animals,
plants, etc.)
transport system: a way to transport gases and nutrients from different cells,
needed in multi-cellular organisms
Genetics Vocabulary:
genes: segments of DNA that carry the instructions for the traits of organisms from
parents to offspring, units of heredity that carry codes to control the traits an
individual inherits
chromosome: where genes are located, humans have 46 chromosomes (23 from
their mother, 23 from their father), determines the gender of a baby
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each chromosome is made of two strands of this
inherited traits: these are traits passed to you from your parents, examples: eye
color, freckles, height, skin color, face shape, earlobes, hairlines, curling of the
tongue, etc.
acquired/learned behaviors: behaviors that are learned through life experiences,
cultures, personal upbringing, lifestyles, etc. (favorites, length of hair,
style, athleticism, artistic ability, movements, communication, personality, etc.
IA #5: Study Guide (Test Thursday)
Body Systems:
-know the main organs associated with each system
-know the main function of each system
-know how the systems connect to one another
Cells:
-know the differences and similarities between single/unicellular and multicellular
organisms
-what can single/unicellular organisms do that multi-cellular cannot do
-know examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms
Genetics:
-know the difference between inherited and learned/acquired traits
-know examples of both inherited and learned traits
-know that this applies for humans, animals, and plants
Review:
-Newton’s Laws: (friction, force, gravity, balanced/unbalanced forces, speed)
-Matter: (parts of a substance compared to the whole; is: salad vs. all the veggies in
a salad…what’s their mass in both situation, chemical vs. physical changes)
-Heat Transfer: (conduction, convection, radiation…know examples)
-Weather: (clouds, precipitation, warm/cold fronts, high/low pressure, storms, tools,
etc. )
-Ecosystems: (producers/consumer/decomposer, food web vs. food chain, biomes,
impact of changes in a food web, human impact, etc.)
Body Systems:
-know the main organs associated with each system
-know the main function of each system
-know how the systems connect to one another
Cells:
-know the differences and similarities between single/unicellular and multicellular
organisms
-what can single/unicellular organisms do that multi-cellular cannot do
-know examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms
Genetics:
-know the difference between inherited and learned/acquired traits
-know examples of both inherited and learned traits
-know that this applies for humans, animals, and plants
Review:
-Newton’s Laws: (friction, force, gravity, balanced/unbalanced forces, speed)
-Matter: (parts of a substance compared to the whole; is: salad vs. all the veggies in
a salad…what’s their mass in both situation, chemical vs. physical changes)
-Heat Transfer: (conduction, convection, radiation…know examples)
-Weather: (clouds, precipitation, warm/cold fronts, high/low pressure, storms, tools,
etc. )
-Ecosystems: (producers/consumer/decomposer, food web vs. food chain, biomes,
impact of changes in a food web, human impact, etc.)
Body Systems
Vocabulary:
Nervous System:
Brain: part of the nervous system enclosed by the skull, controls and coordinates the
mental and physical actions
Spinal Cord: the cord of nerve tissue extending through the spinal canal of the
column
Nerves: one or more bundles of fibers forming part of the systems that sends
impulses of sensation, motion, etc. between the brain or spinal cord and other
parts of the body
Purpose of the Nervous System: to send signals to the brain and tell the body
what to do...controls everything that happens in our body (remember some are
voluntary while others are involuntary)
Skeletal System:
Skeleton: made up of 206 bones that each have their own function
Bones: support our body and allow us to move, contain calcium, make blood cells,
store important material
Purpose of the Skeletal System: gives the body its shape, protects the organs,
works with the muscles to move the body
Muscular System:
Muscles: three types-skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
Purpose of the Muscular System: works with the skeletal system to move the
body, helps with bending and reflexes
Cardiovascular/Circulatory System:
Heart: muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Blood: a liquid that contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Blood Vessels: tube-like parts of the system that carry the blood (oxygenated
blood), throughout the body
Purpose of the Circulatory System: to pump blood throughout the body, to
"circulate" blood to all parts of the body with oxygenated blood and nutrients
Respiratory System:
Lungs: the organs in which the blood absorbs the oxygen from the air
Trachea: the windpipe- the tube that carries air from the nose and mouth to the
lungs
Nose/Mouth: the facial organs that air passes through to get into the body
Purpose of the Respiratory System: inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide,
bringing oxygen to our body cells while provides us nutrients and energy, also the
system that helps us talk
Digestive System:
Digestion: the mechanical (chewing) and chemical breaking down of food so it can
be absorbed in the body
Mouth: the opening at which digestion begins
Esophagus: food travels from the mouth through this tube that leads from the mouth
to the stomach
Stomach: food comes from the esophagus to this J-shaped organ that does the
following; stores food, breaks it into a liquid, passes it on the small intestines (uses
digestive juices to break down food)
Small Intestines: breaks down food even further, continues to absorb food into the
body/blood stream specifically vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Large Intestines: continues breaking down food and absorbing it, removes the final
nutrients and whatever is left becomes waste
Purpose of the Digestive System: to break down the foods you eat and provide
energy for your body (nutrients are absorbed into the blood which is passed
through the circulatory system)
Remember to know how all the body systems connect with one another!!! (Use your Body Systems Connection Chart.)
Nervous System:
Brain: part of the nervous system enclosed by the skull, controls and coordinates the
mental and physical actions
Spinal Cord: the cord of nerve tissue extending through the spinal canal of the
column
Nerves: one or more bundles of fibers forming part of the systems that sends
impulses of sensation, motion, etc. between the brain or spinal cord and other
parts of the body
Purpose of the Nervous System: to send signals to the brain and tell the body
what to do...controls everything that happens in our body (remember some are
voluntary while others are involuntary)
Skeletal System:
Skeleton: made up of 206 bones that each have their own function
Bones: support our body and allow us to move, contain calcium, make blood cells,
store important material
Purpose of the Skeletal System: gives the body its shape, protects the organs,
works with the muscles to move the body
Muscular System:
Muscles: three types-skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
Purpose of the Muscular System: works with the skeletal system to move the
body, helps with bending and reflexes
Cardiovascular/Circulatory System:
Heart: muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Blood: a liquid that contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Blood Vessels: tube-like parts of the system that carry the blood (oxygenated
blood), throughout the body
Purpose of the Circulatory System: to pump blood throughout the body, to
"circulate" blood to all parts of the body with oxygenated blood and nutrients
Respiratory System:
Lungs: the organs in which the blood absorbs the oxygen from the air
Trachea: the windpipe- the tube that carries air from the nose and mouth to the
lungs
Nose/Mouth: the facial organs that air passes through to get into the body
Purpose of the Respiratory System: inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide,
bringing oxygen to our body cells while provides us nutrients and energy, also the
system that helps us talk
Digestive System:
Digestion: the mechanical (chewing) and chemical breaking down of food so it can
be absorbed in the body
Mouth: the opening at which digestion begins
Esophagus: food travels from the mouth through this tube that leads from the mouth
to the stomach
Stomach: food comes from the esophagus to this J-shaped organ that does the
following; stores food, breaks it into a liquid, passes it on the small intestines (uses
digestive juices to break down food)
Small Intestines: breaks down food even further, continues to absorb food into the
body/blood stream specifically vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Large Intestines: continues breaking down food and absorbing it, removes the final
nutrients and whatever is left becomes waste
Purpose of the Digestive System: to break down the foods you eat and provide
energy for your body (nutrients are absorbed into the blood which is passed
through the circulatory system)
Remember to know how all the body systems connect with one another!!! (Use your Body Systems Connection Chart.)
Ecosystems
(B3-B75)
Vocabulary:
ecosystem: all the living and nonliving things in an environment, including
their interactions with each other (helps to keep nature in balance)
abiotic factor: a nonliving part of an ecosystem (rock, soil, weather, sunlight)
biotic factor: a living part of an ecosystem (plants, animals, humans, decomposers)
"FWOSS:" every living thing needs food, water, oxygen, space, shelter
ecology: the study of how living and nonliving things interact
population: all the members of ONE species in an area (all deer...all daisies...all
bees)
community: all the living things in an ecosystem (all plants, animals, and
decomposers)
habitat: the place where an organism naturally lives and grows (can get everything it
needs!)
microhabitat: a small habitat (under a log, in a tree)
niche: the role of an organism in a community (think of it as it's "job")
adaptation: a characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment
camouflage: an adaptation in which an animal protects itself against predators by
blending in with the environment
competition: when two organisms compete for something in an ecosystem (food,
water, shelter, space, mate, etc.)
food chain: the path of the energy transferred from one organism to another (one)
food web: the overlapping food chains in an ecosystem (think about the spider web)
sun: the main source of energy in a food chain and food web
organism: any living thing that can carry out its life on its own
producer: any of the plants and algae that produce oxygen and food that animals
need (make their own food....photosynthesis....grass, trees, bushes, seaweed,
algae, plankton, flowers)
photosynthesis: the food-making process in green plants that uses sunlight
consumer: any animal that eats plants or other plant eating animal, they cannot
make their own food
herbivore: an animal that eats plants, algae, and other producers (deer, cows,
grasshopper)
omnivore: an animal that eats both plants and animals (bear, humans)
carnivore: an animal that eats other animals, meat eater
primary consumer: the first consumer of a food chain (either an herbivore or
omnivore but they consume the producer)
secondary consumer: the second consumer of a food chain (either omnivore or
carnivore)
tertiary consumer: the third consumer of a food chain (typically a carnivore)
predator: an animal that HUNTS other animals for food (hawk hunting a mouse)
prey: a living thing that is HUNTED for food (a mouse being hunted by a hawk)
scavenger: a meat-eating animals that feeds on the remains of dead animals
(coyote, hyena, voulchers)
decomposers: any organism that break down dead plants and animals into useful
things like minerals and rich soil (worms, fungi, bacteria)
symbiosis: a relationship between two kinds of organisms that lasts over time
mutualism: a relationship between two kinds of organisms that benefits both (the
crocodile and the bird cleaning its teeth...croc gets clean teeth, bird gets food)
parasitism: a relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and
benefits while the other organism may be harmed (dog/tick, flower/weeds)
parasite: the organism that lives on a host (the tick in the dog/tick symbiosis)
host: the organism a parasite lives in or on (the dog in the dog/tick symbiosis)
commensalism: a relationship between two kinds of organisms that benefits one
without harming the other (an orchid growing in a tall palm tree, remoras latching
on to a shark)
energy pyramid: shows that there is more energy at the bottom (producers) than
there is at the top (carnivore/consumers)
limiting factor: anything that controls the growth or survival of a population
carrying capacity: the maximum population size that an area can support
(remember the goldfish in the bowl)
threatened species: a species that is in danger of becoming endangered
endangered species: a species that is in danger of becoming extinct (bald eagle)
extinct species: a species that has died out completely (dinosaurs, dodo bird)
human impact: negative human impact would be through construction of new
homes/buildings, growing cities, pollution, mining; positive human impact would
be reducing, reusing, and recycling
water cycle (again!): the continuous movement of water between Earth's surface
and the air, changing from liquid to gas to liquids
evaporation: the slow changing of a liquid into gas (caused by heat)
condensation: the changing of a gas into a liquid, water vapor cooling, clouds
forming
precipitation: any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the ground
runoff: precipitation that flows across the land's surface or falls into rivers/streams
groundwater: water that seeps into the ground after precipitation
transpiration: the loss of water through a plant's leaves
carbon cycle: the continuous exchange of carbon dioxide with oxygen among living
things
nitrogen cycle: the continuous flow of nitrogen from the soil to the air
biome: one of Earth's large ecosystems, with its own kind of climate, soil, plants,
and animals
temperate: by adding this to any biome name, it means they are "free" from extreme
temperatures (temperate forest...a forest free from extreme hot or cold)
terrestrial: having to do with the LAND
deciduous forest: a forest biome with many kinds of trees that lose their leaves
each autumn (our biome!)
tropical rain forest: a hot biome near the equator, with much rainfall (very humid),
and great diversity (a wide variety of plants and animals...orangutans, toucans,
orchids, ferns)
taiga: a cool forest biome of conifer trees (cone/Christmas type trees) in the upper
Northern Hemisphere
tundra: large, treeless biome in the arctic regions, ground is frozen all year long
(permafrost), bitter cold winters and short summers (we need a "TUN" of clothes!)
grasslands: a biome where grasses, not trees, are the main plant life, prairies (think
Lion King for an African grassland...key word?? grass!)
desert: a sandy or rocky biome with little precipitation and little plant life (cacti,
reptiles)
aquatic: having to do with water (either fresh, salt or brackish)
lakes/pond: freshwater biomes
salt marshes: salt water biomes located near the coast
estuaries: a biome that is near the coast and is made of salt water but also has a
freshwater source (river/stream) flowing into it, this is a brackish water biome
brackish water: a mixture of fresh water and salt water (found in an estuary)
ocean: a salt water biome, great diversity of life
coral reef: a smaller biome located in the ocean near warmer waters, home to a
great diversity of creatures, need sunlight to grow and prosper)
plankton: organisms that float on the water in aquatic ecosystems
Remember too that animals can help plants reproduce by carrying their seeds (intentionally or accidentally) and dropping them along the way.
Also remember to be able to identify what happens if an organism is removed from a food chain/food web. What is effected directly? What is effected indirectly?
ecosystem: all the living and nonliving things in an environment, including
their interactions with each other (helps to keep nature in balance)
abiotic factor: a nonliving part of an ecosystem (rock, soil, weather, sunlight)
biotic factor: a living part of an ecosystem (plants, animals, humans, decomposers)
"FWOSS:" every living thing needs food, water, oxygen, space, shelter
ecology: the study of how living and nonliving things interact
population: all the members of ONE species in an area (all deer...all daisies...all
bees)
community: all the living things in an ecosystem (all plants, animals, and
decomposers)
habitat: the place where an organism naturally lives and grows (can get everything it
needs!)
microhabitat: a small habitat (under a log, in a tree)
niche: the role of an organism in a community (think of it as it's "job")
adaptation: a characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment
camouflage: an adaptation in which an animal protects itself against predators by
blending in with the environment
competition: when two organisms compete for something in an ecosystem (food,
water, shelter, space, mate, etc.)
food chain: the path of the energy transferred from one organism to another (one)
food web: the overlapping food chains in an ecosystem (think about the spider web)
sun: the main source of energy in a food chain and food web
organism: any living thing that can carry out its life on its own
producer: any of the plants and algae that produce oxygen and food that animals
need (make their own food....photosynthesis....grass, trees, bushes, seaweed,
algae, plankton, flowers)
photosynthesis: the food-making process in green plants that uses sunlight
consumer: any animal that eats plants or other plant eating animal, they cannot
make their own food
herbivore: an animal that eats plants, algae, and other producers (deer, cows,
grasshopper)
omnivore: an animal that eats both plants and animals (bear, humans)
carnivore: an animal that eats other animals, meat eater
primary consumer: the first consumer of a food chain (either an herbivore or
omnivore but they consume the producer)
secondary consumer: the second consumer of a food chain (either omnivore or
carnivore)
tertiary consumer: the third consumer of a food chain (typically a carnivore)
predator: an animal that HUNTS other animals for food (hawk hunting a mouse)
prey: a living thing that is HUNTED for food (a mouse being hunted by a hawk)
scavenger: a meat-eating animals that feeds on the remains of dead animals
(coyote, hyena, voulchers)
decomposers: any organism that break down dead plants and animals into useful
things like minerals and rich soil (worms, fungi, bacteria)
symbiosis: a relationship between two kinds of organisms that lasts over time
mutualism: a relationship between two kinds of organisms that benefits both (the
crocodile and the bird cleaning its teeth...croc gets clean teeth, bird gets food)
parasitism: a relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and
benefits while the other organism may be harmed (dog/tick, flower/weeds)
parasite: the organism that lives on a host (the tick in the dog/tick symbiosis)
host: the organism a parasite lives in or on (the dog in the dog/tick symbiosis)
commensalism: a relationship between two kinds of organisms that benefits one
without harming the other (an orchid growing in a tall palm tree, remoras latching
on to a shark)
energy pyramid: shows that there is more energy at the bottom (producers) than
there is at the top (carnivore/consumers)
limiting factor: anything that controls the growth or survival of a population
carrying capacity: the maximum population size that an area can support
(remember the goldfish in the bowl)
threatened species: a species that is in danger of becoming endangered
endangered species: a species that is in danger of becoming extinct (bald eagle)
extinct species: a species that has died out completely (dinosaurs, dodo bird)
human impact: negative human impact would be through construction of new
homes/buildings, growing cities, pollution, mining; positive human impact would
be reducing, reusing, and recycling
water cycle (again!): the continuous movement of water between Earth's surface
and the air, changing from liquid to gas to liquids
evaporation: the slow changing of a liquid into gas (caused by heat)
condensation: the changing of a gas into a liquid, water vapor cooling, clouds
forming
precipitation: any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the ground
runoff: precipitation that flows across the land's surface or falls into rivers/streams
groundwater: water that seeps into the ground after precipitation
transpiration: the loss of water through a plant's leaves
carbon cycle: the continuous exchange of carbon dioxide with oxygen among living
things
nitrogen cycle: the continuous flow of nitrogen from the soil to the air
biome: one of Earth's large ecosystems, with its own kind of climate, soil, plants,
and animals
temperate: by adding this to any biome name, it means they are "free" from extreme
temperatures (temperate forest...a forest free from extreme hot or cold)
terrestrial: having to do with the LAND
deciduous forest: a forest biome with many kinds of trees that lose their leaves
each autumn (our biome!)
tropical rain forest: a hot biome near the equator, with much rainfall (very humid),
and great diversity (a wide variety of plants and animals...orangutans, toucans,
orchids, ferns)
taiga: a cool forest biome of conifer trees (cone/Christmas type trees) in the upper
Northern Hemisphere
tundra: large, treeless biome in the arctic regions, ground is frozen all year long
(permafrost), bitter cold winters and short summers (we need a "TUN" of clothes!)
grasslands: a biome where grasses, not trees, are the main plant life, prairies (think
Lion King for an African grassland...key word?? grass!)
desert: a sandy or rocky biome with little precipitation and little plant life (cacti,
reptiles)
aquatic: having to do with water (either fresh, salt or brackish)
lakes/pond: freshwater biomes
salt marshes: salt water biomes located near the coast
estuaries: a biome that is near the coast and is made of salt water but also has a
freshwater source (river/stream) flowing into it, this is a brackish water biome
brackish water: a mixture of fresh water and salt water (found in an estuary)
ocean: a salt water biome, great diversity of life
coral reef: a smaller biome located in the ocean near warmer waters, home to a
great diversity of creatures, need sunlight to grow and prosper)
plankton: organisms that float on the water in aquatic ecosystems
Remember too that animals can help plants reproduce by carrying their seeds (intentionally or accidentally) and dropping them along the way.
Also remember to be able to identify what happens if an organism is removed from a food chain/food web. What is effected directly? What is effected indirectly?
Weather
Vocabulary:
Desalination: The process of getting freshwater from salt water. (removing the salt)
Water Cycle: The continuous movement of water between Earth's surface and the
air, changing from liquid to gas to liquid.
Groundwater: Precipitation that seeps into the ground and is stored in tiny holes, or
pores, in soil and rocks.
Water Table: The top of the water-filled spaces in the ground.
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock or soil filled with water.
Spring: A place where groundwater seeps out of the ground.
Well: A hole dug below the water table that water seeps into.
Reservoir: A storage area for fresh water supplies.
Basin: The floor of an ocean, containing mountains, valleys, and plains.
Current: An ocean movement; a large stream of water that flows in the ocean.
Tide: The rising and falling of the sea; caused by the pull of the Moon and Sun's
gravity
Atmosphere and Air Temperature:
Insolation: incoming solar radiation, the amount of the Sun's energy that reaches
Earth at a given place and time (most direct on the equator all year long which
causes warmer temperatures there)
Atmosphere: the air that surrounds Earth
Troposphere: our layer of the atmosphere, the layer closest to Earth's surface, all
life exists here, weather exists here too
Air Pressure: the force put on a given area by the weight of the air above it (as you
go higher in altitude, air pressure decreases)
Air is made of: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% of other gases
Weather: what the lower atmophere (or troposphere) is like at any given place or
time
Barometer: measures air pressure (an increase means high pressure, a decrease
means low pressure)
Anemometer: measures wind speed
Rain Gauge: measures the amount of precipitation that has fallen
Thermometer: measures the temperature of the atmosphere (Celcius or Farhenheit)
Weather Vane: shows the direction the wind in blowing
Hygrometer: measure the humidity in the air
Water Vapor and Humidity:
Water Vapor: water in the air (vapor = gas)
Humidity: the amount of water vapor in the air (what makes us feel sticky, need this
to form clouds)
Evaporation: the changing of a liquid into a gas, when puddles dry up, when the
ground is no longer wet, when our clothes dry, etc. (hint = vapor)
Condensation: the changing of a gas back into a liquid, the formation of clouds in
the sky, fog on a mirror, drops on your glass (remember it always when warmer
molecules meet colder molecules)
Transpiration: when leaves of a plant give water back to the atmosphere
Relative Humidity: a comparison between how much water vapor is in the ar and
how much the air can hold
Clouds and Precipitation:
Stratus Clouds: blanketlike, straight, cover the sky, create overcast weather
Cumulus Clouds: puffy, white, cotton ball looking clouds
Cirrus Clouds: thin, wispy, feather-like clouds, high in the atmosphere and made of
ice crystals
Fog: a cloud a ground level
Nimbo/Nimbus: a cloud with rain or snow
Cumulonimbus: very tall, vertical cloud that is dark gray or black that is full of rain or
snow, thunderstorm cloud with heavy rain or snow that lasts a short amount of time
Nimbostratus: a blanket-like gray/black cloud that hold rain or snow, light and drizzly
rain that could last days
Precipitation: any for of water particles that falls from the atmosphere (clouds) to the
ground
Rain: liquid state of matter, falls through temperatures higher than 32 degrees
Sleet: solid state of matter, rain that falls through freezing (less than 32 degrees)
temperatures
Snow: solid state of matter, starts as an ice crystal and needs ground that is cold to
stick
Hail: only formed in cumulonimbus clouds, rain that is pushed upward from updrafts
cause it to reach high altitudes where the rain freezes, it then becomes a solid that
falls back down through the cloud collecting more rain, it will continue to freeze
over and over again (layered like a jawbreaker) until gravity pulls it down to earth,
the different sizes show you how many updrafts carried it up
Cloud Cover: symbols used to show what the skies look like on a daily basis
Clear: no clouds in the sky
Overcast: clouds everywhere in the sky
Scattered Clouds: a few clouds here and there
Party Cloudy: half cloudy, half clear
Mostly Cloudy: most of the sky is covered with clouds
Air Pressure and Wind:
Air Pressure Changes: from volume, the height above Earth's surface, temperature,
amount of water vapor (all cause changes in air pressure)
Wind: air that moves horizontally
Convection Cell: part of the atmosphere where air moves in a circular pattern
because of unequal heating and cooling, warm air rises and cooler air sinks
Updraft: air that rises (always warmer air)
Downdraft: air that sinks (always cooler air)
Sea Breeze: wind that blows FROM the sea towards the land (the land warms up
faster than the sea), this is why we often feel a misty breeze when on the beach
during the day
Land Breeze: wind that blows FROM the land towards the sea (the land cools down
faster than the sea), this is why we need a light jacket when walking on the beach
at night
How are land and sea breezes produced? The land and sea breezes are created
because of uneven heating and cooling on the land/sea. The winds change
direction between the day and night because of the changing of temperatures over
land water.
Coriolis Effect: the curving on the winds on Earth (curves to the right in the Northern
Hemisphere and curves to the left in the Southern Hemisphere)
Global Winds: the direction winds naturally travel around the globe (keep in mind
that the jet stream can always make that change)
Polar Easterlies: move from the poles (cold air) and from the east (towards the
west)
Prevailing Westerlies: moves from the midlatitudes and from the west (towards the
east)....IT goes WEEEEE!
Trade Winds: located at the equator (warm temperatures) and blow from the east
towards the west (remember the sailors used these winds to help them trade!)
Isobars: lines on a map that connect all places with equal air pressures (makes
pressure patterns easy to see)
High Pressure: represented with an "H", brings fair weather, minimal clouds-if any
cirrus, and cooler/drier temperatures (Happy Happy---High High!!!....makes you
feel good!)
Low Pressure: represented with a "L", brings storms (all storms), lots of clouds,
warm, moist/humid air (Low...makes you feel Low!)
Weather Patterns and Climate:
Air Mass: a large region of the atmosphere when the air has similar properties
throughout
Maritime Polar: moist, cool air
Maritime Tropical: moist, warm air
Continental Polar: dry, cool air
Continental Tropical: dry, warm air
Jet Stream: fast, narrow moving currents of air found in the upper parts of the
atmosphere, moves mostly west to east but does dip down and up, when it dips
down we receive air from the north pole giving us colder than normal temperatures
(polar vortex), when it pushes upward it moves away from the equator bringing \
warmer than usual temperatures
Front: a narrow boundary the marks the leading edge of an air mass that is moving
into an area where another air mass is moving out of
Warm Front: warm air moves in over a cold air mass (remember warm air is LESS
dense!), brings nimbostratus clouds that produce a light, steady rain/drizzle or
snow, this could last for days, light winds, possible fog, leaves warm and humid
weather, represented by a red half circle (Gentle Giants...calm and gentle)
Cold Front: cold air moes in under a warm air mass (remember cold air is MORE
dense!), pushes the warm up and over, produces cumulonimbus clouds that bring
brief but heavy storms, lots of precipitation falls with possible hail, could produce
thunderstorms/tornadoes, strong winds, leaves clearer skies with cooler and drier
air, represented with blue trianlges (The Bully...everything is mean and
hateful...harsh and violent)
Stationary Front: a front that is not moving, neither is powerful enough to move the
other one out, represented by both front symbols
What type of front would a farmer want?
Severe Storms:
Thunderstorms: form out of cumulonimbus clouds, most common storm, cause
electrical sparks called lightening which creates noise called thunder, produces
strong winds, heavy rains, and occasionally hail, low pressure is present
Tornadoes: forms from a thunderstorm, violent whirling winds that move across the
ground/land like a vacuum sucking everything up in their path, creates a funnel
that touches the ground and can have speeds of about 300 mph at the center, can
change directions at any time so their path is unpredictable, extremely low
pressure and an unstable atmosphere, most likely to occur in Tornado Alley
Hurricanes: form over tropical oceans near the equator, caused by lots of heating
and evaporation occurring which creates a band of thunderstorms, very large
swirling storms with very low pressure at the center (or eye of the storm), powerful
winds, heavy rain, and extremely low pressure, most destructive component is the
storm surge
Storm Surge: a great rise of the sea along the shore, caused by low pressure, this
causes the water to rise and move beyond the shore to the land which causes
severe flooding as the water can rise up to twenty feet or more, causes the most
destruction in a hurricane
Flooding: the amount of precipitation that falls is more than the gorund can handle
so the water levels is rivers, streams, etc. rise to a level that begins to flood the
lands (most often occur in thunderstorms because of the amount of rain that falls
so quickly, also present due to the storm surge of a hurricane)
El Nino: a weather phenomenon caused by an increase in the Pacific Ocean
temperatures (warming temperature), causes flooding in areas of the US, occurs
about every three to seven years
La Nina: a weather phenomenon caused by a decrease in the Pacific Ocean (cooling
temperatures), causes dryer weather in the US
Radar: radio detection and ranging, used to track storms as they occur
Forecast: predicting the weather or state of the atmosphere at any given time
Gulf Stream: a warm current of water the flows from the gulf region of Florida up the
eastern coast line (brings warmer waters)
Climate: the average weather pattern of a region
Weather: the day to day weather of an area
Be able to analyze a weather map and determine what weather is occurring, what weather is coming, etc.
Remember that weather travels west to east....WEEEEEE!!!
Remember that temperatures at the poles are cold while temperatures at the equator are warm.
Desalination: The process of getting freshwater from salt water. (removing the salt)
Water Cycle: The continuous movement of water between Earth's surface and the
air, changing from liquid to gas to liquid.
Groundwater: Precipitation that seeps into the ground and is stored in tiny holes, or
pores, in soil and rocks.
Water Table: The top of the water-filled spaces in the ground.
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock or soil filled with water.
Spring: A place where groundwater seeps out of the ground.
Well: A hole dug below the water table that water seeps into.
Reservoir: A storage area for fresh water supplies.
Basin: The floor of an ocean, containing mountains, valleys, and plains.
Current: An ocean movement; a large stream of water that flows in the ocean.
Tide: The rising and falling of the sea; caused by the pull of the Moon and Sun's
gravity
Atmosphere and Air Temperature:
Insolation: incoming solar radiation, the amount of the Sun's energy that reaches
Earth at a given place and time (most direct on the equator all year long which
causes warmer temperatures there)
Atmosphere: the air that surrounds Earth
Troposphere: our layer of the atmosphere, the layer closest to Earth's surface, all
life exists here, weather exists here too
Air Pressure: the force put on a given area by the weight of the air above it (as you
go higher in altitude, air pressure decreases)
Air is made of: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% of other gases
Weather: what the lower atmophere (or troposphere) is like at any given place or
time
Barometer: measures air pressure (an increase means high pressure, a decrease
means low pressure)
Anemometer: measures wind speed
Rain Gauge: measures the amount of precipitation that has fallen
Thermometer: measures the temperature of the atmosphere (Celcius or Farhenheit)
Weather Vane: shows the direction the wind in blowing
Hygrometer: measure the humidity in the air
Water Vapor and Humidity:
Water Vapor: water in the air (vapor = gas)
Humidity: the amount of water vapor in the air (what makes us feel sticky, need this
to form clouds)
Evaporation: the changing of a liquid into a gas, when puddles dry up, when the
ground is no longer wet, when our clothes dry, etc. (hint = vapor)
Condensation: the changing of a gas back into a liquid, the formation of clouds in
the sky, fog on a mirror, drops on your glass (remember it always when warmer
molecules meet colder molecules)
Transpiration: when leaves of a plant give water back to the atmosphere
Relative Humidity: a comparison between how much water vapor is in the ar and
how much the air can hold
Clouds and Precipitation:
Stratus Clouds: blanketlike, straight, cover the sky, create overcast weather
Cumulus Clouds: puffy, white, cotton ball looking clouds
Cirrus Clouds: thin, wispy, feather-like clouds, high in the atmosphere and made of
ice crystals
Fog: a cloud a ground level
Nimbo/Nimbus: a cloud with rain or snow
Cumulonimbus: very tall, vertical cloud that is dark gray or black that is full of rain or
snow, thunderstorm cloud with heavy rain or snow that lasts a short amount of time
Nimbostratus: a blanket-like gray/black cloud that hold rain or snow, light and drizzly
rain that could last days
Precipitation: any for of water particles that falls from the atmosphere (clouds) to the
ground
Rain: liquid state of matter, falls through temperatures higher than 32 degrees
Sleet: solid state of matter, rain that falls through freezing (less than 32 degrees)
temperatures
Snow: solid state of matter, starts as an ice crystal and needs ground that is cold to
stick
Hail: only formed in cumulonimbus clouds, rain that is pushed upward from updrafts
cause it to reach high altitudes where the rain freezes, it then becomes a solid that
falls back down through the cloud collecting more rain, it will continue to freeze
over and over again (layered like a jawbreaker) until gravity pulls it down to earth,
the different sizes show you how many updrafts carried it up
Cloud Cover: symbols used to show what the skies look like on a daily basis
Clear: no clouds in the sky
Overcast: clouds everywhere in the sky
Scattered Clouds: a few clouds here and there
Party Cloudy: half cloudy, half clear
Mostly Cloudy: most of the sky is covered with clouds
Air Pressure and Wind:
Air Pressure Changes: from volume, the height above Earth's surface, temperature,
amount of water vapor (all cause changes in air pressure)
Wind: air that moves horizontally
Convection Cell: part of the atmosphere where air moves in a circular pattern
because of unequal heating and cooling, warm air rises and cooler air sinks
Updraft: air that rises (always warmer air)
Downdraft: air that sinks (always cooler air)
Sea Breeze: wind that blows FROM the sea towards the land (the land warms up
faster than the sea), this is why we often feel a misty breeze when on the beach
during the day
Land Breeze: wind that blows FROM the land towards the sea (the land cools down
faster than the sea), this is why we need a light jacket when walking on the beach
at night
How are land and sea breezes produced? The land and sea breezes are created
because of uneven heating and cooling on the land/sea. The winds change
direction between the day and night because of the changing of temperatures over
land water.
Coriolis Effect: the curving on the winds on Earth (curves to the right in the Northern
Hemisphere and curves to the left in the Southern Hemisphere)
Global Winds: the direction winds naturally travel around the globe (keep in mind
that the jet stream can always make that change)
Polar Easterlies: move from the poles (cold air) and from the east (towards the
west)
Prevailing Westerlies: moves from the midlatitudes and from the west (towards the
east)....IT goes WEEEEE!
Trade Winds: located at the equator (warm temperatures) and blow from the east
towards the west (remember the sailors used these winds to help them trade!)
Isobars: lines on a map that connect all places with equal air pressures (makes
pressure patterns easy to see)
High Pressure: represented with an "H", brings fair weather, minimal clouds-if any
cirrus, and cooler/drier temperatures (Happy Happy---High High!!!....makes you
feel good!)
Low Pressure: represented with a "L", brings storms (all storms), lots of clouds,
warm, moist/humid air (Low...makes you feel Low!)
Weather Patterns and Climate:
Air Mass: a large region of the atmosphere when the air has similar properties
throughout
Maritime Polar: moist, cool air
Maritime Tropical: moist, warm air
Continental Polar: dry, cool air
Continental Tropical: dry, warm air
Jet Stream: fast, narrow moving currents of air found in the upper parts of the
atmosphere, moves mostly west to east but does dip down and up, when it dips
down we receive air from the north pole giving us colder than normal temperatures
(polar vortex), when it pushes upward it moves away from the equator bringing \
warmer than usual temperatures
Front: a narrow boundary the marks the leading edge of an air mass that is moving
into an area where another air mass is moving out of
Warm Front: warm air moves in over a cold air mass (remember warm air is LESS
dense!), brings nimbostratus clouds that produce a light, steady rain/drizzle or
snow, this could last for days, light winds, possible fog, leaves warm and humid
weather, represented by a red half circle (Gentle Giants...calm and gentle)
Cold Front: cold air moes in under a warm air mass (remember cold air is MORE
dense!), pushes the warm up and over, produces cumulonimbus clouds that bring
brief but heavy storms, lots of precipitation falls with possible hail, could produce
thunderstorms/tornadoes, strong winds, leaves clearer skies with cooler and drier
air, represented with blue trianlges (The Bully...everything is mean and
hateful...harsh and violent)
Stationary Front: a front that is not moving, neither is powerful enough to move the
other one out, represented by both front symbols
What type of front would a farmer want?
Severe Storms:
Thunderstorms: form out of cumulonimbus clouds, most common storm, cause
electrical sparks called lightening which creates noise called thunder, produces
strong winds, heavy rains, and occasionally hail, low pressure is present
Tornadoes: forms from a thunderstorm, violent whirling winds that move across the
ground/land like a vacuum sucking everything up in their path, creates a funnel
that touches the ground and can have speeds of about 300 mph at the center, can
change directions at any time so their path is unpredictable, extremely low
pressure and an unstable atmosphere, most likely to occur in Tornado Alley
Hurricanes: form over tropical oceans near the equator, caused by lots of heating
and evaporation occurring which creates a band of thunderstorms, very large
swirling storms with very low pressure at the center (or eye of the storm), powerful
winds, heavy rain, and extremely low pressure, most destructive component is the
storm surge
Storm Surge: a great rise of the sea along the shore, caused by low pressure, this
causes the water to rise and move beyond the shore to the land which causes
severe flooding as the water can rise up to twenty feet or more, causes the most
destruction in a hurricane
Flooding: the amount of precipitation that falls is more than the gorund can handle
so the water levels is rivers, streams, etc. rise to a level that begins to flood the
lands (most often occur in thunderstorms because of the amount of rain that falls
so quickly, also present due to the storm surge of a hurricane)
El Nino: a weather phenomenon caused by an increase in the Pacific Ocean
temperatures (warming temperature), causes flooding in areas of the US, occurs
about every three to seven years
La Nina: a weather phenomenon caused by a decrease in the Pacific Ocean (cooling
temperatures), causes dryer weather in the US
Radar: radio detection and ranging, used to track storms as they occur
Forecast: predicting the weather or state of the atmosphere at any given time
Gulf Stream: a warm current of water the flows from the gulf region of Florida up the
eastern coast line (brings warmer waters)
Climate: the average weather pattern of a region
Weather: the day to day weather of an area
Be able to analyze a weather map and determine what weather is occurring, what weather is coming, etc.
Remember that weather travels west to east....WEEEEEE!!!
Remember that temperatures at the poles are cold while temperatures at the equator are warm.
Matter and Heat Transfer
Vocabulary:
Water Cycle:
Water Cycle: the continuous movement of water between Earth's surface and the air, changing
from liquid to gas to liquid
Evaporation: the slow changing of a liquid into a gas
Condensation: the changing of a gas into a liquid
Precipitation: any form of water particles that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the
ground (rain, sleet, snow, or hail)
Run-off: precipitation that flows across the land's surface or falls into rivers and streams
Transpiration: the loss of water through a plant's leaves
Groundwater: precipitation that seeps into the ground and is stored in tiny holes, or pores in
soil and rocks
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Mass: a measure of the amount of matter in an object
Volume: a measure of how much space an object takes up
Weight: the force of gravity between Earth and an object
Density: a measure of how tightly packed the matter in an object is
Conductor: allows energy to flow through it easily (metals)
Insulator: doesn't allow energy to flow through (plastic, wood, rubber)
States of Matter:
Solid: a form of matter that has a definite shape and takes up a definite amount of space
Liquid: A form of matter that takes up a definite amount of space and has no definite shape.
Gas: A state of matter that does not take up a definite amount of space and has no definite
shape.
Melting Point: The temperature at which a substance changes state from a solid to a liquid.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which a substance changes state from a liquid to a gas.
Freezing Point: The temperature at which a substance changes state from a liquid to a solid.
Contracting: the shrinking of materials when they get colder (a tire getting flat because of cold)
Expanding: the spreading of materials when they get hotter (a tire filling up because of heat)
Examples: sidewalks, draw bridges, basketballs, tires
Reactions:
Physical Changes: A change of matter in size, state, or shape without any change in identity.
Chemical Changes: A change of matter that occurs when atoms link together in a new way,
creating a new substance different from the original substance (formation of a gas, light/heat,
and or color change)
Reactants: an original substance at the beginning of a chemical reaction
Products: A new substance produced by a chemical change
Heat Transfer:
Heat Transfer: The passing of heat through one of three means of transferring (transfers from
hotter materials to cooler materials)
Conduction: The transfer of heat through a material via touch.
ConVection: The transfer of heat through a liquid or a gas, causing hot parts to rise and cooler
parts to sink.
"Ray"diation: The transfer of heat through electromagnetic rays.
What happens when a water bottle is put in the freezer?
What happens when a soda bottle is put in the freezer?
What happens to the mass of objects when the are weighed separately? When they are combined?
Water Cycle:
Water Cycle: the continuous movement of water between Earth's surface and the air, changing
from liquid to gas to liquid
Evaporation: the slow changing of a liquid into a gas
Condensation: the changing of a gas into a liquid
Precipitation: any form of water particles that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the
ground (rain, sleet, snow, or hail)
Run-off: precipitation that flows across the land's surface or falls into rivers and streams
Transpiration: the loss of water through a plant's leaves
Groundwater: precipitation that seeps into the ground and is stored in tiny holes, or pores in
soil and rocks
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Mass: a measure of the amount of matter in an object
Volume: a measure of how much space an object takes up
Weight: the force of gravity between Earth and an object
Density: a measure of how tightly packed the matter in an object is
Conductor: allows energy to flow through it easily (metals)
Insulator: doesn't allow energy to flow through (plastic, wood, rubber)
States of Matter:
Solid: a form of matter that has a definite shape and takes up a definite amount of space
Liquid: A form of matter that takes up a definite amount of space and has no definite shape.
Gas: A state of matter that does not take up a definite amount of space and has no definite
shape.
Melting Point: The temperature at which a substance changes state from a solid to a liquid.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which a substance changes state from a liquid to a gas.
Freezing Point: The temperature at which a substance changes state from a liquid to a solid.
Contracting: the shrinking of materials when they get colder (a tire getting flat because of cold)
Expanding: the spreading of materials when they get hotter (a tire filling up because of heat)
Examples: sidewalks, draw bridges, basketballs, tires
Reactions:
Physical Changes: A change of matter in size, state, or shape without any change in identity.
Chemical Changes: A change of matter that occurs when atoms link together in a new way,
creating a new substance different from the original substance (formation of a gas, light/heat,
and or color change)
Reactants: an original substance at the beginning of a chemical reaction
Products: A new substance produced by a chemical change
Heat Transfer:
Heat Transfer: The passing of heat through one of three means of transferring (transfers from
hotter materials to cooler materials)
Conduction: The transfer of heat through a material via touch.
ConVection: The transfer of heat through a liquid or a gas, causing hot parts to rise and cooler
parts to sink.
"Ray"diation: The transfer of heat through electromagnetic rays.
What happens when a water bottle is put in the freezer?
What happens when a soda bottle is put in the freezer?
What happens to the mass of objects when the are weighed separately? When they are combined?
Measuring Matter: Once you watch the video, you need to take the Review Quiz. |
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Force and Motion
(Newton's Laws)
Vocabulary:
Force: a push or a pull
Mass: a measure of the amount of matter in an object
Motion: movement
Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of motion (at rest or in motion)
Friction: a force that opposes another object moving past another
Position: location
Constant: same, no changes (level)
Incline: increase (upward)
Decline: decrease (downward)
Speed: how fast an object's position is changing with time at any moment
Formula for Speed: speed = distance / time
Velocity: the speed of an object taken together with its direction (speed and direction)
Acceleration: a change in velocity (an increase, causes it to accelerate...gas pedal)
Deceleration: a change in velocity (a decrease, causes it to decelerate...brake pedal)
Gravity: a force that pulls things to Earth and helps keep Earth moving around the Sun
First Law of Motion:
Newton's First Law of Motion-The Law of Inertia: an object at rest will stay at rest UNTIL a
force acts upon it, an object in motion will stay in motion UNTIL a force acts upon it
Second Law of Motion:
Newton's Second Law of Motion: when an unbalanced force acts on an object, the object's
acceleration equals the force divided by the object's mass
Acceleration Formula: acceleration = force / mass
Balanced Forces: forces that cancel each other out when acting together on a single object
Unbalanced Forces: forces that do not cancel each other out when acting together on a single
object
Third Law of Motion:
Newton's Third Law: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Action: when one object applies a force to a second
Reaction: the force the second object returns to the first
Newton's Law of Gravitation:
Air Resistance: offers resistance to the motion of objects falling through the air (air "friction")
Gravity: the force that pulls objects to Earth, an attraction between the mass of Earth and the
mass of an object
Force: a push or a pull
Mass: a measure of the amount of matter in an object
Motion: movement
Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of motion (at rest or in motion)
Friction: a force that opposes another object moving past another
Position: location
Constant: same, no changes (level)
Incline: increase (upward)
Decline: decrease (downward)
Speed: how fast an object's position is changing with time at any moment
Formula for Speed: speed = distance / time
Velocity: the speed of an object taken together with its direction (speed and direction)
Acceleration: a change in velocity (an increase, causes it to accelerate...gas pedal)
Deceleration: a change in velocity (a decrease, causes it to decelerate...brake pedal)
Gravity: a force that pulls things to Earth and helps keep Earth moving around the Sun
First Law of Motion:
Newton's First Law of Motion-The Law of Inertia: an object at rest will stay at rest UNTIL a
force acts upon it, an object in motion will stay in motion UNTIL a force acts upon it
Second Law of Motion:
Newton's Second Law of Motion: when an unbalanced force acts on an object, the object's
acceleration equals the force divided by the object's mass
Acceleration Formula: acceleration = force / mass
Balanced Forces: forces that cancel each other out when acting together on a single object
Unbalanced Forces: forces that do not cancel each other out when acting together on a single
object
Third Law of Motion:
Newton's Third Law: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Action: when one object applies a force to a second
Reaction: the force the second object returns to the first
Newton's Law of Gravitation:
Air Resistance: offers resistance to the motion of objects falling through the air (air "friction")
Gravity: the force that pulls objects to Earth, an attraction between the mass of Earth and the
mass of an object
Newton's First Law: Inertia
Newton's 2nd Law:
Race that Car (Lab Experiment)
Conclusion: This should be in paragraph form. Use these questions as guides to complete your conclusion in your science notebooks. Be detailed and use your Newton's vocabulary!
What did you learn from this lab?
What surprised you?
Where there any human errors that could have swayed the outcome?
Use Newton's First Law to explain this experiment.
Which car had the fastest speed?
Was your hypothesis correct?
What did you learn from this lab?
What surprised you?
Where there any human errors that could have swayed the outcome?
Use Newton's First Law to explain this experiment.
Which car had the fastest speed?
Was your hypothesis correct?
Watch the following video and take notes in your science notebooks. Make sure you title your page too! Be prepared to discuss tomorrow. :)
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